LESSON 1

LESSON 1. WHY AND WHAT TO INVESTIGATE IN OUR PROFESSION? THE CIENTIFIC METHOD. 

KEY WORDS: research, scientific method, scientific knowledge, research methodology and problems.

Priorities of nursing research.

• Projects that seek INDEPENDENCE and SELF-CARE.

• CONTINUITY in nursing activities. This should be regular without discrepancies,

• DEVELOPMENT in nursing management (structure, resources, methods)

• REDUCE health problems (habits, addictions, harmful activities ...)

• REDUCING the harmful effects of technologies.

• HELP to maintain or regain the highest degree of independence.

• DEVELOPMENT of models and methods with good quality-price

• DEVELOPMENT of fundamentals for the work of professionals in teams.

Difficulties for the development of nurse research.

ü  Time.

ü  Lack of theoretical and practical training.

ü  Lack of research knowledge.

ü  Bureaucratic issues.

ü  Lack of valid nursing documentation.

ü  Insufficient bibliographic sources.

ü  Language.

ü  Lack of motivation.

ü  Team research.

Alternatives:

§  Underutilized or ineffective training resources.

§  Free decision to investigate.

Research in nursing. Developmental Factors

• Implementation of nursing programs.

• Preparation for research tasks (all levels).

• Creation of nursing research sections in associations, institutions ...

• New specialized journals.

• Dissemination of recommendations of WHO Expert Committee on Nursing.

• Increase of congresses and meetings.

http://journals.lww.com/nursingresearchonline/Pages/default.aspx. 

Sources of human knowledge. (They are not sources of scientific knowledge)

§  Tradition (customs): Are accepted truths, remedies against health problems, sometimes are reality and sometimes not. For example: use a wet rag for fever or rub a clove of garlic on the warts to remove them.

§  Authority: Judgment of experts or authorized persons and that is accepted as true. For example, the Duncan Method.

§  Experience: Real repetitive experience.

§  Test-Error: Discover a solution between several alternatives, it is necessary to test until finding the most correct.

§  Intuition: Faculty of understanding things instantly, without reasoning, (inspiration).

§  Logical Reasoning: Combining formal systems of thought with experience. It is based on experience. We can also differentiate inductive reasoning from deductive:

1.      Inductive reasoning: it goes from the concrete to the general. From a specific experience, I draw general conclusions.

For example: The study of patients with low blood glucose levels have problems with the pancreas, while healthy people have normal levels of sugar. So people with deficiencies of pancreas functions are sick and have glucose deficiency.

2.      Deductive reasoning: from the general to the concrete. Cancer triggers death, so all people with cancer will die.

§  Scientific method: It applies the deduction, the induction and the avoidance of biases (risks when making inductions). It follows verifiable, observable, measurable and reproducible steps. It is necessary to ask ourselves the question: Is it reliable?

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